Standardization versus Customization of a Global Brand

Executive Summary What must be understood is that the way in which a product is promoted in one country (i.e. the name of the product, its general appearance, and how a company chooses to appeal to consumers) is often engineered to appeal to the cultural and social predilections of that particular consumer population.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Standardization versus Customization of a Global Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, not all consumers in the global market place have the same tastes when it comes to particular methods of marketing a product. It is based on this that this paper will explore standardization versus customization of a global brand in order to determine the effectiveness of either met Introduction Branding is an important aspect of selling products since it is the manner in which consumers differentiate one product from the rest in terms of what the brand represents such as quality, product longevity and popularity (Viswanathan and Dickson 2007, pp. 46-63). This can often be seen in various advertisements wherein a brand name product is often compared to Brand X (a metaphor for another company’s products) wherein the brand name product that is being promoted is shown to be superior in terms of quality and value. However, the promotion of a particular brand is not limited to a products home market; rather, companies tend to expand into other international markets in order to be more competitive against their rivals in the same industry. For example, international advertising initiatives such as those done by Unilever, Pepsi and Kraft Foods all attempt to target new markets within foreign countries due to flat growth in their main consumer markets (i.e. the U.S.) They do this by utilizing various local pop culture icons in print ads and television advertisements in order to create an association between such stars and the product the company want s to sell thus resulting in a far greater degree of sales and product patronage.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, this is a form of informative advertising wherein companies seek to create greater awareness for their products/services. The reason behind such actions was noted in the work of Chang (1995) where it was stated that companies often implement a form of product customization in order to make a product more appealing to a local culture (Chang 1995, pp. 5-10). As such, based on the work of Chang (1995) this necessitates the development of new brand promotion initiatives that appeal more to the target market in the country that the company is attempting to penetrate. The reason behind such attempts at developing an appeal that is more in line with the tastes of the local populace instead of relying on the traditional branding of the company is due the pr esence of already well-established brands within the targeted markets with similar products lines (Chae and Hill 2000, pp. 538-562). Attempting to penetrate such markets with a branding strategy that was utilized in a company’s home market where there is already an assortment of local brands that are popular with local consumers in the new target market could result in a relatively low product uptake which could result in significant financial losses for the company. One way of overcoming this was actually shown by Wal-Mart when it entered into the Chinese market. What the company did was bring in it’s own branding into China yet adjusted its product lineup to include local favorites that would be bought by consumers. On the other hand, while Wal-mart was successful in integrating itself into an international market, other companies were not so lucky with particular brands such as Pepsi initially suffering a setback in the Chinese market due to the way in which the phr ase â€Å"Come alive with Pepsi!† (a phrase used in a lot of its branding initiatives) was translated erroneously resulting in â€Å"Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Standardization versus Customization of a Global Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The last example of which showcases how branding can go wrong happened when Gerber attempted to market its products in South Africa. What must be understood is that literacy is often an issue in this part of the world resulting in canned products often bearing a photo of what is outside of it to tell people what is in the product. Thus, when marketed in South Africa sales of Gerber’s products plummeted since people though that the product contained processed babies. Taking such factors into consideration, it can be seen that it is often necessary to rebrand a product in order for it be successf ul in a local market given the potential for cultural misunderstandings to arise resulting in low product sales. However, this is not to say that adopting a standardized method of brand promotion is not effective. Companies such as Mc Donald’s, Toyota and Ford have implemented a pretty standardized brand strategy across different markets and have emerged as globally competitive companies with well-recognized brands. When analyzing such aspects, it is necessary to examine standardization versus customization of a global brand in order to determine which method of branding would be advantageous for a company looking to establish itself in other global markets.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Understanding Consumer Buying Behavior and Brand Development It is rather interesting to note that various theories of consumer decision-making processes always seem to assume that consumers pass through distinct stages/steps before, during and after the process of selecting a particular product to buy or service to utilize. What must be understood is that an average consumer is influenced by a myriad of different factors that affect the way in which they choose to patronize a particular product or service (Brierley 2012, pp. 225-233). This can range from various psychological reactions such as the way in which they think and feel about different products (i.e. brand perception) to the way in which the market environment they are currently present in affects the way in which they perceive a particular product or service (i.e. local culture, their family, local media influences, etc.) (Wagner et al. 2009, pp. 69-85). For example, the 2008 financial crisis and the subsequent financial recession the U.S. and Europe is currently experiencing have greatly affected the way in which consumers perceive particular products or services at the present (Wagner et al., 2009, pp. 69-85). Consumers these days have become more conservative in their spending habits resulting in the resurgence of popular brands such as Mc Donald’s who have great product offerings at incredibly low prices. What is interesting though, is how affordability and lower incomes affect consumer choice and thus brand development. The concept of rational behavior assumes that all consumers are rational individuals who try to use their earned income in order to derive the greatest amount of satisfaction/ utility. In other words, consumers try to get the most out of their income through rational buying behavior which results in a maximization of total utility from the products or services used (Rossiter Foxall 2008, pp. 123-141). In the case of this section of the paper, this comes in the form of c ustomers opting for affordable food in the form of Mc Donald’s due to limited amounts of money. (Shaw, Shiu, Clarke 2000, pp. 879-894). This rational behavior is based on the fact that consumers will act in an economically competent manner in that they will not spend too much money on irrational purchases or services (Calder Burnkrant 1977, pp. 29-38). As such, the concept of rational behavior assumes all consumers engage in rational buying behaviors which becomes the basis for any future analysis of consumer patronage towards a particular type of brand (Oshikawa 1969, pp. 44-49). This is one of reasons why the standardization of the Mc Donald’s brand across multiple countries and consumer segments has been so successful given the brand’s association with fast and affordable food for the masses. This is one the factors that companies should consider when developing their international branding strategies wherein they need to know what their brand represents an d how it is effectively interpreted by the local populace and the consumer segment that the company is attempting to target (Viswanathan and Dickson 2007, pp. 46-63). In the case of Mc Donald’s, it has always had a more â€Å"generalized† marketing strategy which focuses on targeting class C (i.e. low income) or class b (i.e. mid-income) consumers due to the product offerings it has. By focusing on serving everybody, the company does not need to worry as much on product distinction; rather, it focuses on promotion through affordability. Similar companies that are able to utilize a standardized branding strategy by virtue of their business model come in the form of companies such as Tide (the detergent company) or Microsoft (the software developer) (O’Donnell and Jeong 2000, pp. 19-33). Either of the companies that were mentioned are focused more on generalized methods of sale to all consumer classes and thus customization of a global brand is not necessary. Howe ver, there are cases where customization is necessary given different price points that a company wishes to enter. It is based on this that the next section will examine such aspects. One of the approaches to branding that should be considered by companies when approaching consumer relationships is to take into account business cycles and market slumps and adjust branding strategies accordingly. As explained by Professor Leonard Lodish of the Wharton School of Business â€Å"pricing is a critical element of successful marketing, in good times and in bad and many companies do not focus enough on getting their pricing right†. It is based on this and the cyclical cycle of business that companies should consider proper branding strategies when penetrating particular markets. This takes the form of taking into account the physical value of the product being sold as well as various non-tangible elements that consumers take into consideration before they will be willing to pay for a product. For example, the state of the housing market in the U.S. is at an all-time low; however, there are still individuals who are in need of homes. In such cases, developers need to take into account the physical cost of the home itself and factor in the current housing slump before creating a price range for a particular apartment or home. It is based on this that it can be said that the greater the amount of non-tangible assets that are taken into consideration by the customer before making a purchase the greater the need for companies to fix prices in accordance with what is necessary to sell the product itself. This principle can be seen at work in the case of Whirpool and its branding strategy wherein it focused on a branding strategy that utilized a high-end brand (Bauknecht), a mass-market brand (Whirlpool) and a value brand (Ignis). By positioning itself in different points in the market with a branding strategy that enabled it to encompass different types of consumers, this enabled the company to develop a better pan-European positioning in terms of being able to penetrate multiple markets under different branding methods. This method of brand customization is in part due to the company’s desire to be able to appeal to multiple consumer segments through brands that are more inclined towards their end of the consumer market. For example, the brand â€Å"Whirlpool† is often associated as a mass-market type of product. However, it is not known as a high-end brand nor is associated as being a value brand that customers at the lower end of the consumer spectrum can afford. While the company could have implemented a standardized branding strategy in this case and sold different types of products for the upper and lower end of the consumer spectrum, the brand association of Whirlpool as a mass-market product would go against it. This would result in consumers in the upper end of the income spectrum assuming that the quality of the product is too low for their needs while those in the lower end of the consumer spectrum would assume that the product is too expensive for them to afford. By diversifying the company’s brand in Europe through the high end Bauknecht and the low end Ignis, this enabled the company to better capture the European market without attempting to overextend the Whirlpool brand name into multiple consumer spectrums which would cause confusion regarding the type of products the company makes (Ronkainen 1996, pp. 56-63). For example, if the company attempted to develop products for the upper end of the consumer spectrum those at the lower end would think that the brand is far too expensive for them despite the availability of affordable choices while the reverse can also occur wherein appealing to the lower end of the consumer spectrum might result in the alienation of those in the upper market segment. Rossiter Foxall (2008) explains that one of the best ways for a company to fail when it com es to penetrating new markets is to try to overextend the brand into multiple frontiers. This can cause not only a significant issue in consumer perceptions regarding the brand itself but could also cause logistical issues for the various stores attempting to sell different product price iterations of the same brand. The most effective solution as advocated by Rossiter Foxall (2008) is employed brand customization instead of standardization wherein a company has a brand embody a particular type of product that would suit a particular segment of the population. By doing so, this enables a company to reach multiple classes of consumers and be better suited to adapt to a new consumer environment as compared to sticking with a standardized method of branding. Conclusion Based on what has been presented, it can be seen that when it comes to standardization versus customization of a global brand, it all depends on the type of product that is being sold and how a company chooses to target its desired customers. A generalized consumer strategy as seen in the case of Mc Donald’s and Microsoft often follows a standardized strategy while attempting to focus on particular consumer segments would need a more customized branding initiative to become more effective especially in cases where targeting different types of consumer segments are involved as seen in the case of Whirlpool. Reference List Brierley, H 2012, ‘Why Loyalty Programs Alienate Great Customers’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 90, no. 7/8, p. 38 Calder, B, Burnkrant, R 1977, ‘Interpersonal Influence on Consumer Behavior: An Attribution Theory Approach’, Journal Of Consumer Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 29-38 Chae, M and Hill, J 2000,’Determinants and benefits of global strategic marketing planning formality’, International Marketing Review, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 538-562. Chang, T 1995,’Formulating adaptive marketing strategies in a global industry’, International Marketing Review, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 5-10 Ronkainen, I 1996, ‘Implementing global marketing strategy An interview with Whirlpool Corporation’, International Marketing Review, vol. 13, no. 3, 1, pp. 56-63. O’Donnell, S and Jeong, I 2000, Marketing standardization within global industries: An empirical study of performance implications’, International Marketing Review, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 19-33. Oshikawa, S 1969, ‘Can Cognitive Dissonance Theory Explain Consumer Behavior?’, Journal Of Marketing, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 44-49 Rossiter, J, Foxall, G 2008, ‘Hull-Spence Behavior Theory as a paradigm for consumer behavior’, Marketing Theory, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 123-141 Shaw, D, Shiu, E, Clarke, I 2000, ‘The Contribution of Ethical Obligation and Self-identity to the Theory of Planned Behaviour: An Exploration of Ethical Consumers’, Journal Of Marketing Management, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 879-894 Viswanathan, N and Di ckson, P 2007,’The fundamentals of standardizing global marketing strategy’, International Marketing Review, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 46-63. Wagner, T, Hennig-Thurau, T, Rudolph, T 2009, ‘Does Customer Demotion Jeopardize Loyalty?’, Journal Of Marketing, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 69-85. This report on Standardization versus Customization of a Global Brand was written and submitted by user Zeke Beasley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essays

Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essays Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essay Are Socio-economic rights justiciable Essay a mistrust that seems common throughout the governments of the world. One may insist that human rights most urgently need asserting and defending, both in theory and in practice, where they are most denied. Indeed, the language of rights only makes sense at all in a context where basic requirements are vulnerable to standard threats; can one imagine a right to clean air in an pre-industrial society. The Human Rights agenda does have an aspirational and promotional dimension, which is of course wholly necessary, but it does not constitute mere rhetoric. So, to express economic and social requirements in the language of human rights does more than just emphasise the obligations of governments and international agencies and their respective publics. Socio-economic rights can be said to have justiciability but that is not to say that one should not consider them not having it. The only clear answer can be determined after a line of case law in a variety of countries whereby one can determine how effectively they can be implemented. The trouble is that governments are unlikely to want to take the initial risk of implementing untested legislation for, as mentioned earlier, in democracies the government must maintain the confidence of the electorate and bad legislation can be very expensive in electoral terms.

An Opinion on the Future of Gender Equality

An Opinion on the Future of Gender Equality As much as I would love for gender equality to become an accomplishment soon, I genuinely question that it will entirely come to a possibility. Although numerous of nations claim that they are not gender one-sided, many people still consider themselves as more superior than the opposite gender. Throughout most of Earth’s entire life time, women are most likely to become inferior to their male opponents. This sort of separation is exceptionally dangerous and can prompt troublesome ways of life, such as difficult lifestyles and one gender being submissive to another.The degrees and reasons for the amount of inequality differ from all across the world. In some countries honor killing, the point at which a female individual from a family is executed for the view of having conveyed shame to their family. This had turned to a monsterous situation in countries such as Pakistan and the Middle E the Middle East. In July 2009, two Saudi Arabian sisters were murdered by their sibling within the presence of their father under the rubric of defending the familys honor. Another circumstance of wrongdoing incorporated more than 30,000 women in Guatemala who have been murdered in the course of recent years because of cases involving misogynistic violence. It has been estimated that 130 million girls were genitally mutilated in Africa and Yemen. 5,000 ladies in India who endured female infanticide each year due to inadequate endowment installment money given to the spouse by the brides family. These types of activities are unlawful viciousness against women, as well as towards the entire mankind. Another major problem involving gender equality that has been occurring is sex-selective abortion. This fuels the problems of having human trafficking, statistic awkwardness, and sexual abuse.Since women are seen as useless unless they are given birth to a male offspring, they suffer the most pain. India and China, the two most populated countries on Earth both practice the preference of male child birth over females. Females are considered underestimated and weak in Chinese society, and under ONE CHILD POLICY, many families keep the male offspring more often than female offsprings. Additionally in India, male child birth is widely supported and welcomed while that of a woman is viewed as a burden. Numerous governments routinely smother common society by limiting flexibility of the press, expression, and assembly. These confinements antagonistically influenced the two men and women: nonetheless, females are subjected to a large group of extra gender-specific human rights violations. This legitimate segregation undermines womens full personhood and equivalent cooperation in the public eye and puts at an expansion chance for brutality. In the governments’ eye, women are automatically viewed as weak and often dismissed if they want to report any type of offense. This can lead to the misuse of the judicial system and can make any court cases more prohibitively expensive to settle. The women’s movement has, appropriately, invested years crusading for lawful change and tending to sex predisposition in existing laws, however the concentration needs to move to changing demeanors and the social factors that keep women from practicing their rights. The power of the law to o vercome these forces ought not be overestimated. In this day and age, women are not the only group of people who are suffering from human rights violation. The LGBTQ + community has also had its fair share at the abuse governments have given them. They are constantly being tortured for being who they are, for liking someone of the same gender, and how they are perceived in everyone else’s eyes. The LGBTQ+ have always been denied from their decision from claiming getting hitched, embracing kids, or landing typical job positions. Countries all across the world feel that having two individuals of the same sexual orientation getting married is considered satanic or unnatural. This prompts churches and the court system to deny their rights to wed or have kids since â€Å" marriage ought to be between a man and a woman† or â€Å"God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve.† People in this community have also been told that they will spoil in hellfire for they way they are. In any case, how are they causing issues for p referring someone over another. We should be totally legit, as much as anybody would love to have the world to have sexual orientation fairness, it will be completely inconceivable since the world is fundamentally one-sided to one sex. The world sees itself as being more male or ‘alpha† dominant instead of being equal to all sides. In an impeccable dream, gender equality would appear like a stage a route from ending up genuine. Be that as it may, in actuality, we need to remember that regardless of the amount we say that were equivalent, despite everything were isolated by what sex you are.

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reducing Juvenile Delinquency - Essay Example There is a great variation in the manifestation of delinquency and the underlying factors behind them. Peer pressure, poor parenting, the media influence, and other societal factors are cited as some of the causes of juvenile delinquency. Addressing the matter would require multiple approaches that incorporate the input from different sectors of the society. This paper seeks to illustrate various aspects associated with juvenile delinquency and measures taken to lower the prevalence rates. Juvenile delinquency refers to the violation of law committed by a person under the legal age, and one that defies parental control, which makes him or her subject to legal action. Alternatively, a juvenile delinquent could be defined as an under aged person who has been found guilty of a crime but is protected by the law as a minor, which absolves them from full criminal responsibility (Snyder & Sickmund, 2006). Normally, such violations fall outside the strict understanding of the law in the same way that it may apply to an adult offender. This implies that the violations may not be punishable by death or life imprisonment. The main objective of interventions is the rehabilitation of the underage offenders in order to convert them into law-abiding citizens. Institutions such as juvenile detention centers and courts assist in the dispensation of legal interventions based on specified procedures in the legal system. The age of criminal responsibility may be lowered in accordance with the nature and seriousness of the crime. This would imply that the individual could be tried as an adult in some specific cases. However, it is usually considered that the age factor of a juvenile delinquent makes them incompetent to stand trial. The assumption is that under age offenders lack mature judgment and cannot be held fully responsible for their actions. Children and young adults may be influenced to engage in certain activities that go against norms, laws, and expectations of the socie ty. Such actions may develop into consistent patterns of behavior that render the children into juvenile delinquents. On a wider scale, juvenile delinquency may yield significant social disorder. Past and recent surveys have indicated that a high percentage of children and adolescents engage in activities that are in violation of the law. The reality of the situation is illustrated in the drop in the average age of first arrests made among young people. This can be attributed to the common notion that juvenile offences are normative adolescent behaviors. However, repeated or chronic offenders are most likely to carry on with the trend away from adolescence and turn into criminal elements or outlaws. At a tender age, delinquent behavior involves minor theft, but can evolve to violent acts involving the use of weapons as the individual nears the statutory age. Other delinquent behaviors include bullying, truancy, vandalism, assault, gangs, and sexual offences. It is for this reason th at persons under the statutory age can be charged as adults depending on the severity of the crime. National statistics indicate an increase in the number of juvenile delinquency cases owing to numerous social factors within the society. Juvenile delinquency has its impacts on the victims as well as the society. Damages incurred by the victim may be in the form of injury or loss of property. Such an eventuality could be construed as a loss in productivity during that period. The victim may also

Persuasive Research PaperFinal Version Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Persuasive Research PaperFinal Version - Essay Example Brides must strive to live within their means and avoid situations that may lead to excessive borrowing. Many brides want to ensure that they organize for a wedding that can not be compared to any other. Many brides find the situation after the wedding stressful since most brides realize that there is no more happiness after the wedding day (Amie, 2012). Some brides may feel that their efforts were not worth it, and they should not have invested that heavily. In some cases, grooms get affected by the post-wedding blues. However, brides are more affected since they have a more emotional investment in the marriage than the grooms. Brides need to balance their expectations in order to avoid a lot of stress when things do not work according to their expectations (Laurie, 2014). For a majority of couples, wedding preparations are a primary concern for the bride (Theresa, 2014). Most women will want their bodies to slim for them to fit in their wedding gowns. Many brides become depressed when they attempt to lose their weight without success. Brides need to be advised that they do not need to change the size of their bodies in order to fit in the wedding gowns but appreciate the way they were created. Amie, M. G. (2012, July 26). Why women suffer from postnuptial blues. Psychology Today, 1. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/between-you-and-me/201207/wedding- bell-blues-dealing-post-wedding-depression Juliana, B. (2013, August 14). Why wedding planning is more stressful than it should be. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-love-and-war/201308/you-are-not-bridezilla Theresa, E. D. (2014). Pre-wedding weight loss is not all that its cracked up. Psychology Today, 1. Retrieved from

Common Practices in Religion Essay Example for Free

Common Practices in Religion Essay What is Religion? The term religion comes from the Latin word ‘religare’ which means to bind. In the world today, there are different forms of religious groups and followings that have unique beliefs and practices depending on their history. It is estimated that there are thousands of religions in the world, including the mainstream religious groups and others that are not known. One of the common characteristics of religious groups is that they all believe in the existence of a supreme being. However, there are those who don’t believe in religion. For such people, religion only assumes the existence of a supreme being while there is no substantive evidence to support the said belief. According to Norris Inglehart, through the practice of atheism, atheists believe that religion is just a fallacy that might have developed in the past and passed on from generation to generation through the various teachings in culture (2011). For enthusiasts, the reason people are afraid to question religious teachings is because of the fear of repercussions that are likely to occur due to such disbelief. Under this context, religion was assumed to be a creation of scholarly studies in the past with philosophers trying to establish how religion came into being. The major question is what religion is all about and what entails the aspects of it. For most people, there is a thin line between culture and religion. This explains why different cultures have their specific religion and beliefs. However, there are various contentious issues that have never been solved over the years. One thing that would totally shift the paradigm and, in extension, the balance of nature, is if it turned out that no supreme beings the religions are based upon exist. Such a situation would totally erode the gains made in the religious world today and also lead to mass confusion among the staunch religious followers. However, some of the religious beliefs are so strong  that they cannot be influenced by any emerging trend regarding their faith. â€Å"Most of the common definition of religion excludes some fundamental facts about religion and offering an adequate explanation of what religion is† (Hood et al., 2009). From a general perspective, religion is commonly defined as the belief in God. This belief, however, is considered as vague as it excludes some of the ideas that characterize some religious followings such as atheism. If religion was to be solely defined as the belief in God, what would the other religious groups that either believe in a different supreme being and those of atheism be referred to as? This tendency of generalization is what often causes some misconception that is associated with how religion is defined. Then what is the worldview of religion and how is it defined in different places around the world? There are arguments that religion is not hard to define, but rather it is the people themselves who often create the confusion regarding its definition. According to Heelas (2005), one of the greatest challenges is how to define religion without excluding any religious beliefs or followings in the word today. However, there is a conventional way of defining religion which incorporates the primary fundamentals of religion. The following are the fundamentals of religion; The belief in a supernatural being. A clear distinction of what is regarded as the moral way of doing things in accordance with the different religious beliefs and practices. Various rituals that are commonly attributed to the religious groups from different parts of the world. Religious groups have various rituals that characterize the specific religion and establish a code of conduct in which members are supposed to operate. A specific way of communicating with God is done through prayers. However, distinct religious groups have a specific way of praying and other practices that accompany prayers. Different religious feelings that are often experienced whenever the practice is taking place. In some religious groups, members engage in incarnations and a sense of adoration. In other groups, however, there is always the aspect of guilt and repentance during religious sermons. From this approach, the worldview related to religion and what religion entails becomes clear. In most cases, it is believed that religion and religious groups in extensions are very different. This explains why there is no single approach as to what entails  religious practices. However, there is a common characteristic of religion that can be used to generalize the practice from a worldview perspective. In the world today, religion continues to shape the life of the people, whereby the religious followings and teachings provide a guideline on how people are supposed to live and interact with each other and with God. The mainstream religious groups attract millions of followers, which is an indication of just how strong religious faith is. In addition, there are thousands of religious followings that are not captured in the mainstream studies of religion but continue to exist with their distinct religious practices. Religion can, therefore, be universally defined as a compilation of religious systems that share a common belief and focus on the unique characteristics of the members of religious faith. References Heelas, P., Woodhead, L., Seel, B., Tusting, K., Szerszynski, B. (2005). The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Blackwell. Hood Jr, R. W., Hill, P. C., Spilka, B. (2009). Psychology of religion: An empirical approach. Guilford Press. Norris, P., Inglehart, R. (2011). Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide. Cambridge University Press.

Pacifism & Conscientious Objection :: essays research papers fc

During the 20th century America has been involved in many conflicts that have led to war or the taking up of arms against other humans and nations. Although the vast majority of Americans have blindly accepted these actions throughout the century, more and more people are seeing war as morally wrong. Reasons for this epiphany are based off of a variety of things and encompass many other aspects related to war and killing examples include: due to moral and ethical principles, objection to war due to strong religious beliefs, the objection to violence due to the same ideals above, objection to the government's use of force, and the objection to the use of weapons of mass destruction. Many of the core beliefs of conscientious objection derive from the teachings or beliefs of pacifism. Pacifism has been a system of thinking and living for hundreds of years, and, in the 20th century many objection and pacifistic movements have sprung up all around the nation, more so than in any other time. Pacifism and conscientious objection in the United States have been moral issues that have fallen under question due to the belief of the participants that killing, war, and the act of violence is wrong and immoral. To begin to understand the workings of conscientious objection, it is important have a clear view of what pacifism is. The roots of pacifism reach back for literally hundreds of years. Practically all of the messiahs of all the chief religions of the world preached for pacifism including: Allah and Muhammad from the Muslim Koran, Jesus and God from the Bible used by Catholics, Christens, and Quakers, and in the Jewish Torah. Other teachers of pacifism include: Plato and Socrates. The moral and ethical principles of pacifism and conscientious objection have been present throughout United States history. There have been known objectors in every single war that America has been somehow involved, Including: The French and Indian War, The Revolutionary War, The War of 1812, The Civil War, The Spanish American War, The Mexican American War, World War One, World War Two, The Korean War, The Vietnam War, The Persian Gulf War, and into the ongoing War Against "Terror". Pacifism is the refusal to participate in any violent actions and or killing. This can be derived from the belief that all life is sacred and that it is morally wrong to take another persons life.

The impact of race and gender on Antoinete’s identity

The blacks call her White cockroach' and the whites refer to her as White Niger. Antoinette is not white enough for the Europeans and not black enough for the natives. Antoinette is a descendant of English slave owners. This fact Increases the tensions between her family and the Islanders. Antoinette strives to find a true Identity, but unfortunately she falls. Her identity is fragmented because of her race and gender Madam Syrup argues that identity is shaped by simultaneous operations of social dynamics such as race, class, nation and gender.She affirms that identity is determined through two different ways: the outside and inside. The outside of our identity Is how others see us. The Inside of our Identity has to do with our vision of ourselves. 14) Identity Is not a flat description of our personality, but It takes Into consideration different perspectives of the self in order to construct a coherent Hall states that cultural identity should proceed from the past to image. Unders tand its present formation. He defines cultural identity as a state of being as well as of becoming.It is not fixed in history but rather it is a subject to transformation, fluid change and constant development under certain circumstances. Hall says that we should recognize the other side the differences and hybrid as a part of our cultural Identity because the common history can unify people across heir differences but cannot show exactly who they are. (395-397) Hybrid is an important issue in post-colonialism. It is used to interpret what it means to be a hybrid, belonging to no place.These hybrids live â€Å"border lives' on the margins of deferent nations, In-between contrary homelands† (McLeod, 217). In fact, living In-between multiple Identities leads to, an ambivalent state of mind where there is no stable place or home. Bah also describes hybrid as â€Å"the sign of the productivity of colonial power, its shifting forces and fixates; it is the name for the tragic rev ersal of the process of domination through disavowal Hybrid is the revaluation of the assumption of colonial identity through the repetition of discriminatory identity effects† (Bah 112).Bah clarifies that hybrid identity Is produced by the colonial power and cannot exist without a common history of a migrant who is dispossessed, schizophrenic, exiled, often profoundly unhappy and exploited under capitalism. † (384). In Wide Cargos Sea, Antoinette suffers from hybrid. She struggles to find a clear direction to follow. Antoinette is neither black nor white, but somewhere in-between Europe and the Caribbean. This creates her an uncertain and fragmented identity.Anta Loom describes in Colonialism/Postcolonial how race and gender provide metaphors and images for each other in the colonial arena: â€Å"In short, lower races represented the female' type of the human species, and females the ‘lower race' of gender† (161). Loom explains how in colonial texts both no n-Europeans and women were viewed as being either passive, child-like and needing leadership or as sexually aberrant, emotional, wild and outside society (159). From the beginning of the colonial period, female bodies symbolized the conquered land. Loom, 152) The definition of woman as the other' and the object' has been determined by the principles of patriarchy. Benjamin claims that the prevailing idea about women in the Victorian age is that â€Å"Woman was considered to be in the full flourish of femininity in the service of home, husband, and children. Women drew on domesticity, the Joys of motherhood, and the influence it accorded them in Justifying public activity. † (15) So, it is clear that women were always regarded as ‘objects' belonging to men.This pushed women to seek their individual identity. Spiral defines women at that time as ‘Third World Women'. In this respect, Madam Syrup says: † Spiral argues that the idea of the Third World is monolith ic entity and that people should fight against such labeling. † (164) Moreover, Madam Syrup maintains: The ‘Third World Woman' is not allowed t speak; she is caught between patriarchy and imperialism, subject-constitution and object- formation, between continuously tradition and modernization. She is rewritten as the object of patriarchy or of imperialism. 165) The patriarchal system made Antoinette seem as a zombie and object in the hands of her husband. She was subordinate to her husband for financial safety, after losing re inheritance. Wide Cargos Sea is a tale of a weak Creole whose struggle for identity leads her to madness (Fayed, 225). Antoinette is defined as a monster by her English husband and does not have voice in Jane Rye. However, Rays wants to change this fact by allowing Bertha to speak and defend herself against â€Å"the onslaught of a strong male such as Rochester† (Fayed, 226).Emery says in this context: â€Å"In Wide Cargos Sea, the madwoman silenced in Jane Rye speaks, and her voice exposes and turns upside down the values, patriarchal and colonialist, upon which the plot and the characters of Bronze's novel depend. (168) Spiral also states that â€Å"Antoinette, as a white Creole child growing up at the time of emancipation in Jamaica, is caught between the English imperialist and the black native. † (242). Emery Cocoas Mason Rochester places herself as lost somewhere in between the two central figures of her life† (35).Fayed argues that Antoinette emphasis on the opinions of the â€Å"Judgmental they † of society indicates her lack of an autonomous self that can grow independent of others' prescribed notions regarding her Creole background (226) Drake describes Antoinette triumph at the end of the novel â€Å"her ultimate regaining of an identity stolen by cultural imperialism. † (205). This essay will show the impact of gender and race on Antoinette identity. Antoinette classification as a mixed product of Caribbean black and European white races contribute to the fragmentation of her identity.Antoinette and her mother experience alienation by the black community and their white European counterparts whose political power and wealth allow them to maintain significant influence over Caribbean society. Antoinette suffers from race problems in both of her childhood and adulthood. Since early childhood, Antoinette family is despised by the people around them because of their background as slave owners: â€Å"l never looked at any strange negro. They hated us, they called us white cockroaches. Let sleeping dogs lie. (Rays 13) Rays presents the post-Emancipation Jamaica as a significant period in the Caribbean history. The Abolition of Slavery Act means the death of Antoinette family members because it declined their economic status: â€Å"Why probably? ‘ the other voice said. ‘Certainly. ‘ ‘Then why should he marry a widow without a penny to her name and Collier a wreck of a place? Emancipation troubles killed old Cocoas? Nonsense – the estate was going downhill for years before that. † (Rays 17) Antoinette returns to her previous social class after the marriage of her mother with Mr†¦ Mason.Antoinette recounts numerous instances of black violence against her family, ranging from the hate-inspired labels of â€Å"white cockroaches† and â€Å"white naggers† to the vicious black mob's burning of the estate at Collier . Antoinette makes efforts to identify herself as a black girl. After Mr†¦ Mason becomes her stepfather, she tries to assert her blackness again by calling him: â€Å"white pappy' (Rays 20). Moreover, Antoinette attempts to search for social acceptance by black people through her interaction with a black playmate named Tia: â€Å"Soon Tia was my friend and I met her nearly every morning at the turn of the road to the river. At the river, Tia calls Antoinette White cockroach ' and steals her clothes. Because of this theft Antoinette is forced to wear Tit's left dress. Tit's dress is symbolic of Antoinette desire to be like Tia. When Antoinette returns home and puts on another dress, it rips. This explains that her old identity no longer fits. Nothing fits Antoinette: her original dress has been stolen, ND her new dress rips. When her house is burnt, she thinks that Tia is the only hope left in her land. Later on, Antoinette discovers that she will never be like Tia because of her race.Therefore, her attempt to be black Caribbean fails: Then, not so far off, I saw Tia and her mother and I ran to her, for she was all that was left of my life as it had been. We had eaten the same food, slept side by side, bathed in the same river. As I ran, I thought, I will live with Tia and I will be likelier. Hand but I did not see her throw it. I did not feel it either, only something et,running down my face. I looked at her and I saw her face crumple up as she began d octor. We stared at each other, blood on my face, tears on hers. It was as if I saw myself.Like in a looking glass. (Rays 27) Antoinette cannot find an identity that suits her and this lack of belonging means her inability to assimilate to the Caribbean culture. In her adulthood, Antoinette begins to doubt her right to claim the island as a part of her identity. She later conveys these feelings of uncertainty and desperation to Rochester when she tells him, â€Å"l loved [the island] because I had nothing else to eve, but it is as indifferent as this God you call on so often. † (Rays 78). Antoinette tries to gain acceptance among whites in order to form her identity.When Antoinette marries Rochester, she feels an increasing love for him. She refuses to leave him for the simple reason that â€Å"he is my husband after all† (Rays 66). Antoinette expresses to Christopher her deep love for Rochester and asks her for an obey potion in order to keep her husband beside her. I n â€Å"Race and Caribbean Culture,† Sandra Drake mentions that â€Å"Antoinette wants to use the spell to complete her assimilation to England and to whiteness. â€Å"(198) When the potion ultimately fails to produce her desired effects, Antoinette is forced to recognize her non-whiteness as well as her non-blackness.Christopher states to Rochester, â€Å"She is not b ©k © like you, but she is b ©k ©, and not like us either. â€Å"(Rays 93) For Rochester, Antoinette and her mother are seen as White naggers' who do not belong to English culture: â€Å"Long, sad, dark alien eyes. Creole of pure English descent she may be, but they are not English or European either. † (Rays 39). In the midst of two different cultures and nations, Antoinette cannot find any place of her own: â€Å"And Vive heard English women call us white naggers. So between you I often wonder who I am and where is my country and where do I belong and why was I ever born at all. (Rays 61) L ike Tit's dress, the white dress (England) does not suit Antoinette. It is clear to Rochester that though she is of English descent, she is still different: â€Å"She was wearing the white dress I had admired, but it had slipped untidily over one shoulder and seemed too big for her. † (Rays, 76)Antoinette relationship with Rochester reveals that she does not really belong to her mother country. Antoinette otherness and race leads to the demise of her relationship with Rochester. Rochester begins to treat Antoinette cruelly and seeks to control her identity.Although Antoinette is eventually imprisoned within the dark, frigid confines of Threefold Hall, She finally realizes the impact of her homeland and Christening's teachings on her character. Antoinette is a Creole woman living in a society dominated by male colonizers, like ‘Rochester'. After her marriage, Antoinette displays a sense of estrangement and uncertain cultural identity: â€Å"So between you I often wonder who I am and where my entry is and where do I belong and why was I ever born at all. † (Rays 61).Rochester seeks to possess Antoinette identity through exploiting her money, changing her name and uprooting her from her familiar land. Me, or so she thinks. I looked down at the coarse mane of the house†¦ Dear father. The thirty thousand pounds have been paid to me without question or condition. No provision made for her (that must be seen too). † (Rays 41) â€Å"Everybody know that you marry her for her money and you take it all. And then you want to break her up, because you Jealous of her. † (Rays 92) In fact, Rochester doe not love Antoinette.He only shows gratitude for her because she has given him money: You are safe, I'd say. She'd like that- to be told you are safe. Or I'd touch her face gently and touch tears. Tears- nothing! Words-less than nothing. As for the happiness I gave her, that was worse than nothing. I did not love her. I was thirsty for her , but that is not love. I felt little tenderness for her, she was stranger to me, a stranger who did not think or feel as I did. (Arrays) The deprivation of love and happiness that Antoinette experiences during her marriage contributes in fragmenting her personality.After her marriage, Antoinette loses all her fortune. She is unable to free herself from Rochester's brutality because she has no financial independence. Her money goes automatically to her husband without stipulation: â€Å"He will not come after. And you must understand I am not rich now, I have no money of my own at all, everything I had belongs to him. â€Å"(66) Antoinette is then obliged to remain with him because she has no other choice. In fact, Rochester aims at possessing Antoinette self and destroying her identity. Changing her name is another measure taken by Rochester to destroyAntoinette identity. Antoinette succumbs as a slave to Rochester when he begins to call her Bertha. She refuses to be called by ot her names, and tries to defend her identity, but she fails: â€Å"When I turned from the window, she was drinking again. ‘Bertha', I said Bertha is not my name. You are trying to make me into someone else, calling me by another name. I know that's obey too. â€Å"(88) By calling her with different names, Rochester wants to crash her personality and transform her into an object, a doll: ‘†She tell me in the middle of all these things you start calling her names. Marionette.Some words so'. Yes, I remember, I did' (Marionette, Antoinette, Marionette, Antoinette) ‘That word mean a doll, eh? Because she don't speak. You want to force her to cry and to speak. † (Rays 92-93)His inhumanity and cruelty leads him to undermine her and consider her as a zombie: Main, silly creature. Made for loving? Yes, but she will have no lover, for I don't want her and she will see no other†¦ She's mad, but mine, mine. † (Rays, 99) Sandra Drake mentions: â€Å"If she[Antoinette] had married Sands Cocoas, she would not have lost either of her names, for she and he array the same family name. (198-199) Rochester dislocates and uproots Antoinette from her familiar land: â€Å"She said she loved this place. This is the last she'll see of it. † (Rays 99)He drives her to an unknown place where she finds out the feeling of non-belonging and displacement. â€Å"l get out of the bed and go close to watch them and to wonder why I have been brought here. For what reason? There must be a reason. † ( Rays, 106) Antoinette does not feel England collapses. â€Å"They tell me I am in England but I don't believe. We lost our way to England. When? Where? I don't remember, but we lost it. Rays, 107) Antoinette dislocation makes her mad and takes away any chance to establish a stable identity for herself. Despite Rochester' imperialist effort to erase all aspects of her identity, Antoinette masterfully creates a new sense of self within her. At l ast, Antoinette realizes her submissive situation and wakes up from her deep sleep. She achieves her freedom and puts an end to her sufferings. When she dreams of burning Threefold house, she was therefore liberating herself: â€Å"Then I turned around and saw the sky. It was red and all my life was in it. I saw the grandfather clock and Aunt.

Task Dependency – Critical Path

Dependencies and Network Diagram The network diagram is a schematic representation showing the sequence and relationship/ dependency of the tasks along with their duration. All the tasks, except the first and the last, are linked with at least one predecessor and successor to have a proper sequence of work. This logical dependency between the tasks will determine afterwards the duration of the project.There are four types of dependencies which define the relation between pair tasks Finish-to-start (FS- the second task ‘successor’ can’t begin until the first ’predecessor’ is completed), Finish-to-finish (FF- the completion of the successor depends on the completion of its predecessor), Start-to-start (SS- the start of the successor depends on the start of its predecessor), Start-to-finish (SF- the finish of the successor depends on the start of its predecessor). Critical PathHowever the duration of the project is meaningless without identifying what i s driving the project, why the project takes so long, what possible action is required to shorten the duration or what possible risk may extend the project†¦ Among the set of activities interconnected on the diagram; there is always one longest duration path from start to end of the project travelling through the network, Carmichael D. (2006, p. 51). This longest path is also known as a critical path driving the project duration and all tasks falling on this path are called critical activities.Any delay which occurs on these critical activities will delay the project completion time as well. The critical path analysis is carried out in three steps. The first step consists of forward pass which calculates the early schedule (earliest start time and earliest finish time of a task). If a schedule activity has two or more predecessors, its early start is governed by the early finish time of the preceding activities whichever is maximum. The second step is the backward pass which ca lculates the late schedule (latest start and latest finish time of a task).If a schedule activity has one or more successor, its late finish is governed by the late start time of the succeeding activities whichever is minimum. Finally the third step calculates the total float and free float. It is therefore crucial to have dependency between pair of tasks in order to analyze the duration, critical path and critical activities of the project. Critical path helps the project team to complete the project efficiently and on time. Nonetheless critical path is dynamic in nature and changes depending on the progress of work, Furniss B. nd Trauner J. (2010). Constraints Wysocki (2012, pp. 205-209) explains that there are four types of constraints which each one has appropriate area of application 1- Technical constraint This is a dependency in which the successor activity can start with some output of the predecessor activity. According to Wysocki there are four types of dependencies under this technical constraint †¢ Discretionary constraint This is a judgment which may be introduced by the project manager to change the dependency between tasks and avoid further risk.Discretionary dependency is often called soft logic, Kerzner H. and Saladis F. (2009, p. 167). †¢ Best-practice constraint This refers to previous experience of the project manager or others in executing similar task to the present. In some circumstance, dependencies which come from past experience are part of risk-aversion. The dependencies vary from industry to industry either to faster production (SS) or to avoid risk (FS- mostly building construction starts after the design is finished) †¢ Logical constraintIt is a result of the project manger’s way of thinking or common sense to follow logical sequence between pair tasks in such a way the logic is reasonable and justifiable. †¢ Unique constraint It occurs usually when a specific/critical resource is required for the execut ion of several tasks. 2- Management constraint This constraint is imposed by the management and dependencies of tasks can be reversed to a better one should the need arise. 3- Interproject constraint My current project is a construction of student accommodation and has a specific requirement for the toilet to be installed in the student rooms.This toilet is called prefabricated bathroom POD which should be manufactured as a complete standalone unit with floor and wall tiles, door, shower tray, water closet (WC), bidet, hand wash basin, mirror, hair drier†¦ off-site. The construction of the pods is a separate project. The pods are, then, transported to the site, lifted with crane and installed in the building. The installation of external masonry blockworks on the main project can only start after the delivery and installation of pod is finished (see attached picture). 4- Date constraintThis constraint preset a fixed start or finish date for deliverable to make it happen on a sp ecific date. There are three types of constraints. The first and the most annoying constraint which I exercised on my current project is the ‘on this date’. In order to energize all the utility services and proceed with all subsequent testing and commissioning activities, we (the contractor) needed to know when the power supply will be provided/completed by the client. The client ordered the contractor to submitted programme of work applying a constraint â€Å"on this date† for power-on connection task.We prepared the programme accordingly and highlighted the client that the project will be completed on X date from the day we receive the power-on. Unfortunately the power-on could not happen on the specified date and ALL of our subsequent activities were affected. The sequence of work was totally distorted with difficulties to construe the schedule resulting negative float. ‘No later than’ is the second constraint you can impose on a task to limit the latest finish time it can be finished. This constraint can, as well result negative float.The third constraint is the ‘No earlier than’ which specifies the earliest date a task can be finished but cannot result negative float by itself. Conclusion In general the combination of different dependencies and constraints build the project schedule and form the network diagram which is a tool to understand the sequence of work and critical activities in the project. Carmichel D. (2006) Project Planning and Control London: Taylor & Francis Furniss, Brian J. and Trauner, Theodore J. (2010) ‘The Critical Path: Definition vs.Understanding’, Construct, 19(1), [Online]. Available at: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. liv. ac. uk/eds/detail? sid=89b2f511-7e34-41db-8676-5d3f40f45afe%40sessionmgr10&vid=1&hid=3&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=52161761 (Accessed: 05 October 2012) Wysocki, R. K. (2012) Effective Project Management: traditional, a gile, extreme. 6th edn. Indianapolis: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kerzner, H. and Saladis F. (2009) Project Management Workbook. 10th edn. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Multiple choice Essays

Multiple choice Essays Multiple choice Essay Multiple choice Essay Use a lead pencil only and fully erase any unwanted answers as the answer sheets are computer- marked You must hand In this question paper and the answer sheet at the conclusion of the test. Which of the following statements about the directors off company is true? A. The employees of a company are subject to the control of each individual director. B. Every decision by a company board is subject to the approval of the members. C. Directors may delegate their management functions. D. In all companies the members can remove a director from office by passing an ordinary resolution in a general meeting. Which of the following is the best description of the significance of the decision in Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897]? A. The notion of limited liability should not apply to companies owned and operated by a single person b. The concept of separate legal personality cannot be used by a sole trader to avoid liability to creditors c. A shareholder who is also involved in the management of the company is not entitled to the benefit of limited liability d. The benefits of incorporation extend to companies effectively under the control of a single person Members of a company may agree to adopt a constitution which Includes restrictions on the companys activities. Which of the following statements are true? A. Those restrictions only bind those who agree to them at the time, and not those who become members or officers of the company at a later time. B. An act of the company (such as forming a contract) which is contrary to those restrictions cannot be legally valid. C. An act of the company which Is contrary to those restrictions may be a breach of the statutory contract represented by the companys constitution. D. If hat director has not breached any of their duties as a director because the act is the act of the company not the act of the director. QUESTION FOUR Which of the following requirements does not need to be satisfied in order to convert a proprietary company into a public company? A. The Australian Securities Exchange (ASS) must approve the change of type of company. B. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIA) must alter the details of the companys registration to reflect the change of type. C. At least 75% of the votes cast on the resolution at a general meeting must support the change of type of company. D. The company must provide information to ASIA about the change of company type. QUESTION FIVE A large proprietary company can: A. Be listed on ASS B. Raise funds from the public provided it issues a prospectus C. Have more than 50 non-employee shareholders D. Have Just one shareholder who is also the only director QUESTION SIX BAN Pity Limited was founded on 1 June 1998. In 2001 the companys constitution was repealed and no new constitution was adopted. The members of BAN Pity Limited are unhappy with the way one of the directors is performing and want him removed from office. Which of the following statements is true? A. The members cannot remove the director from office but the directors can do so by ordinary resolution in a board meeting. B. The members can remove the director from office but only by special resolution in a general meeting. C. The members can remove the director from office by ordinary resolution in a general meeting. D. Since BAN Pity Limited currently has no constitution, the rules for replacing directors set out in the companys original constitution will still apply. QUESTION SEVEN What type of decision is a decision by the company to change from a proprietary company to a public company? A. An enterprise decision. B. A capital decision. C. A constitutional decision. D. An operational decision QUESTION EIGHT determining whether a company is a subsidiary of another company (its holding company)? A. A company will be a subsidiary if it has unlimited liability B. A company will be a subsidiary if another company holds more than one-half of its issued share capital (excluding non-voting shares) C. A company will be a subsidiary if it has three or more subsidiaries of its own. D. A company will be a subsidiary if another company has the power to determine the outcome of its operating and financial decisions. QUESTION NINE If a public company has no constitution, which of the following decisions does not require the consent of the members? A. A decision to modify the constitution. B. A decision to commence legal proceedings against a director. C. A decision to remove a director from office. D. A decision to approve the appointment of an auditor. QUESTION TEN Unless the companys constitution specifies otherwise, corporate actions that vary or cancel rights attaching to a class of shares generally require the passing of two special resolutions, one at a general members meeting and another at a meeting of the members whose rights are affected. Which of the following would be least likely to be deemed to be a variation of class rights? A. A resolution where rights attaching to some of the shares in a class are varied. B. A resolution to divide a class of shares into two separate classes such that after the division the rights attaching to all those shares are not the same. C. A resolution to issue new preference shares ranking equally with existing preference shares. D. A resolution that affects the value of the shares in a particular class. Chem.. Owns a taxi cab which is driven by Line. Line and Chem.. Agree that Chem.. Will receive half the takings. B. Peter, Sandy, Margo, Michael and several other people form a non-profit tennis club. The club committee organisms social functions for the purpose of raising funds. C. Charles, Melissa, John and Sarah form a syndicate to purchase a large block of land, build an apartment block and sell the units. D. Tony sells electrical appliances for Retro Appliances. He is paid according to a share of the profits made by the business.Richards nephews worked the farm and made improvements which increased the alee of the farm. In what circumstances is the farm most likely to be treated as partnership property? A. The farm was in Richards name only and was not included in the partnership accounts as an asset of the partnership B. The farm was in Richards name only but had occasionally been treated in the partnership accounts as an asset of the partnership C. The farm was in the name of Richard and his nephews as Joint owners and was treated as a partnership asset in the partnership accounts D. The farm was in the name of a family company and Richard and his nephews were the directors and shareholders of the company

Ethics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics Assignment - Essay Example The major similarity between these associations is that they uphold the value of safety, competence, faithfulness, integrity, responsibility and honorably. Both the codes of conduct require engineers to be concerned about the public safety, welfare and health. Therefore, they should make decisions that do not harm the public whatsoever. Besides, they should act as competent professionals who only conduct services in which they were educated. Moreover, they should be honest people who do not engage in any deceptive act, but to be truthful to their employers and trustees so as to avoid any conflict of interest. Lastly, these codes of ethics require engineers to be honorable, lawful and responsible professionals who conduct themselves honorably to gain reputation and respect from the society. However, the only difference between these codes of ethics is that ASCE provides a close that advocate for career growth and development. Members of the ASCE are encouraged to continue with education and develop their careers. This can help in adding value to themselves and making them much better each day. So, these are the positions held by the codes of ethics of these engineering associations. Since hey are meant for the benefit of professionals and the general public, they need to be strictly adhered to without any unnecessary

Fieldwork observaion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fieldwork observaion - Essay Example I was there on the 19th of September 2012, as from 1.00 to 1.20 pm. It was quite hot with temperatures of approximately 150 C to 230C. There was no reaction from the people I came across, eight in total, five males and three females. Two of the males were wearing long pants and T-shirts while the other three were in shorts and T-shirts. All the three females were wearing pants and T-shirts of various complexities. The lack of reaction is attributed to the fact that these people were not interested in what those around them thought or said about their behavior. From observation, all those people were overwhelmed by the beauty of their behavior’s implications. It was surprising to note that all these people cared about their cigarette. It is what makes their world; it is what gives them comfort and relaxation, presumably enabling them to forget the reality. I never thought of it this while in the same group. I had been blinded by the thought of pleasure then, and the thought of having no worry or responsibility over anything or anyone, let alone myself. The results of this field experience profoundly support our four-part definition of culture. Culture, being a set of learned and shared attitudes, beliefs, values, customs and meanings, is encompassed in providing a distinction in the existence of the persons concerned in the field study. In terms of how culture is learned, it is evident that every person in this location learned how to smoke through someone else, or through an experience or an exploration. With time, people have continued loving what they like, and smoking has become part of their lifestyle. With regard to how culture is shared, members of the same group often share similar beliefs and values. As such, these people find fulfillment in being with their kind, with those whom they share this behavior. Having a shared notion about smoking eliminates a considerable difference among them, and they can more easily intermingle with each other. The similarity in behavioral patterns reflects a deeper level of sharing culture since smoking has become a norm for these people. This is essentially with regards to homogeneity of these people’s interests (Davis 200). It is also evident that culture is reliant upon language and symbols. From the study’s observation, the people have a unique way of communication, for instance when one would like to light up his or her cigar with another’s. This codal communication enables understanding at a higher level and also creates a feeling of belonging among these people. Cultural integration refers to how a certain culture borrows some attributes from another, and so it becomes seemingly integrated in the other culture. Smoking has been borrowed from cultures of other people and has been integrated in this environment. It has become integrated due to its consistency. From my knowledge, the behavior at this place has been continuous and takes place at the area over a long t ime. So, smoking has become a custom for this particular premise. In terms of being patterned, the custom has thrived in the area, with many young adults wanting to experience the zeal. In the current society however, smoking should not be patterned due to the many avenues advocating against it. Smoking has however become an adaptive custom in this area and is not likely to diminish significantly. In conclusion, Santa